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- so welcome, everyone. my name's ron, and your taskis to choose the line on the right that matches the lineon the left. - all right, this seems likean easy enough task: which line on the rightis the same length as the one on the left? the answer is clearly three. [bell dings]
- one. - one.- one. - why is everyone saying one? are their eyes not working? have we just discoveredsome new type of illusion? no, the answer is, we paid them to lie. [electronic music] ♪ ♪
today, we are goingto be demonstrating a very famouspsychological experiment known as the "asch experiment." this experimenttests conformity and whether or not a person will say something incorrect simply because everyone else is. what matters more? being right or fitting in?
[calm music] we have five professional actors that have been instructed to do as we say. often, they will be lying about what they thinkthe answer is. but in position number five, a real participantwho has no idea what's going on will be seated.
now, their task is to matchthe length of the line on the left with oneof the lines on the right. but what if everyone elsein the room gave the wrong answer? would you be bold enoughto stick out and say what you saw, or would you just fit in because it's easieror less uncomfortable? well, let's find out.
- so welcome, everyone.my name's ron. your task is to choosethe line on the right i'll just call on youindividually, you know, in order,one through six. - the calm before the storm. - okay, so let's begin. - the first few times, we're gonna have the actors say the correct answer
to gain the trust of our subject. the correct answer here is three. - three. - number three.- number three. - number one.- number one. - number one. - now they're allgonna start lying. the correct answer is three. let's see what our subject does.
- pretty quickly, she appears to be confused. - um, okay, number one. - three... [tense music] - you can see participant five closing one eye,then the other, trying to figure outwhy everyone's wrong. but she's not goingalong with them. again, the correct answer is three.
[bell dings] let's see what our subject does. - yeah, number one. - three? - she's sticking to her guns, but she appears to be uncomfortable opposing the group. this time, the correct answer is two. - number three. - wow.
- she's falling in line. will she do it again? - conformed. conformity. the desire to fit in. peer pressure. these are powerful social forces that shape our actions and beliefs and influence how we behave
as individuals and as a society. in the original asch experiments first carried out by solomon asch in 1951, approximately 75% of subjects conformed at least once. - hi, ron. sorry to butt in, guys.my name is michael. i just wanted to kind of ask youa few questions
about the studyyou've been doing. this is a study on conformity. and everyone in this roomis an actor-- except for you, number five. - oh, my god! oh, my god! this is so crazy. - and they've allbeen instructed to give the wrong answers
to see if you'll follow along. - whoa.- you did say the wrong answer after everyone else hadsaid the wrong answer. why did you do it? - i thought, "there's somethinggoing on here. "i don't know what to do, so i'm just gonnasay what they said." - how did it feel to do that? - it--it felt--
it felt like i wasdrinking the kool-aid, like-- [laughter]- it's very normal. this study wouldn't beas famous as it was if it wasn't normal,though it is surprising, because so many of us would say, "no, i would alwayssay what's real." - right. right. - would you? - right, no.
clearly not all the time, yeah. - all right,thank you very much. [upbeat synth music] people follow the crowd inall kinds of interesting ways, many of which are pretty funny. classical psychologicalexperiments and hidden camera pranks often involve people actingtogether in strange ways to see if others will conform.
now, there's nothing inherently irrational about following the crowd in ways like those. conforming can be a form of social lubrication. it's just easier to do whatsomeone else is doing, because to break from that norm would be to slow things down. if everyone's facing the same way in an elevator, it's not like you lose your personal sense of identity by turning along with them.
instead, you're just going with the flow and not being awkward. if i see a bunch of people on the street looking up, and i decide to look up too, there's nothing inherently bad about that. i mean, what it costsfor me to look up is really low comparedto the potential harm that might come from menot seeing an imminent threat. sometimes, conformityis harmless.
[laughter] even laughter is a form of conformity. we laugh if something is funny, but we also tend to laugh if people around us are laughing, even if we don't get the joke. there are a lot of social forces behind this: politeness,a fear of looking stupid, and no doubt a desireto conform--
to fit in. let's see what happens whenthere's even more pressure to see something that's unfunny as hilarious. we've invited these people to participate in a psychological experiment. but here's the thing: everyone in this room is an actor,
except this guy. he thinks he's just killing timein this waiting room before the experiment begins. but this is the experiment, and that's no joke. hey, how's everyone doing today? [indistinct murmuring] my name's michael. nice to meet you all.
thanks for participating. it's important that everyonebe kind of in a chatty mood. so here's a question: anyone got some good jokes? - i have a great one.- oh, yeah? - why did the hipster burnhis mouth on coffee? because he drank itway before it was cool. get it, yeah?- i get it, yeah. - our subject thinks the real joke is funny,
but keep in mind, the joke i'm going to tell is complete nonsense. it's not funny. it's just words. everyone but the subject hasbeen instructed to laugh at it. the question is, will the pressure to conform make the subject laugh? okay, how about this one? uh, a giraffe is at the airport going through the tsa line.
and the security agent says, "hey, is this your laptop?" and the giraffe says, "i thought you'd never ask." - oh, my god. - you guys have neverheard that before? - no, never.- no. - it's pretty famous.- i didn't. - this is a classic example of conformity.
even when the crowd acts in a way that makes no sense, the need to fit in is still very strong. uh, two penguins aredriving in a car. the driver says, "hey, could youchange the radio station?" and the other one says,"no radio. four wheels." - that was better. - laughter can be a powerful tool for social conformity, which is exactly why sitcoms use canned laughter.
- how do you feel aboutcourtin' right now? - uncle jake, if therewas a pretty girl on the other side of this house, i'd jump clean over it. [laughter] - the laugh track entices you at home to laugh along, even when a joke might not be that funny. so will our other subjects feel compelled to laugh at our meaningless joke?
so a giraffe is at the airport. and it's in the security line, and the tsa agent says, "is this your laptop?" "i thought you would never ask." [laughter]- what? - since our subjects are in a conforming mood... - let's take this a step further. - hey, i need katie and lauren
to come with mefor your interview. - sure. - let's see how committed they are to fitting in. will they repeat the nonsensical joke to another one of our actors? - we were telling jokes earlier. should i say the, uh... - yes.- the giraffe? okay. so...
- hey, uh, tim, i need youto come with me for your interview. - okay. good.[inaudible] - i guess the joke has to wait. - yeah. dude, you tell it. you tell it, bro.- well... - no, you got it. you got it.say it. - okay, so the giraffeis in a line-- in a tsa line...
- okay.- waiting. - and the--and the agent asks him, "is that your laptop?" and he was like,"i thought you'd never ask." [percussive beat] - i don't--i don't get it. - yeah, it's gonna take youa while to get it. - okay. - and he says, um,
- what's the funny part? - i don't know.i--i found it funny. and it's a giraffe.it's not a human. - and you thought it was funny?- yeah. - what was the funny part,though? like... - i think it was--the funny part was the laptop, 'cause you know howhe's so tall? - hmm.
- do these subjects really think my meaningless joke is funny? it's time to let them in on what's really going on. everyone here todayexcept for you is an actor. - okay.- we have all been instructed to laugh at thatdumb giraffe joke, which is not even a joke. it's just a meaningless thing. and then we see if the oneperson who isn't in on it,
which in this round was you-- how they respond. why did you never say, "what?" - i think it was peoplelaughing around me, and i was trying to understandwhy that was funny. and then i had to make senseof it in my mind, and then i think i made itfunny to myself. - that process of mental gymnastics
is known as cognitive dissonance. when you've done something you don't truly believe in, like laughing just because everyone else did, you try to come to terms with your behavior through denial and justification. it's not a joke; i just madethat up, and it's nonsense. - i know, that's whyi thought it was funny. - 'cause it just would--make no sense? - yeah, that's why.
- i don't know.that's crazy, though, 'cause it did make me laugh. [laughing]- everyone does that. - yeah.- it's typical human behavior... - yeah. it's true, though. - to go with the flowand to keep things moving. it's about just beinga good, social person. - it's definitely a--a conformity thing. - one of the most disappointingand terrifying aspects
of our desire not to stand out is the bystander effect. people are less likelyto help victims if other people are around. one of the most famous examples is told in psych 101 classesall over the world. it's the storyof kitty genovese, a woman who was brutally stabbed and raped in new york city
in 1964. - it was a murder that symbolized the apathy of many to big city crime. on a march night back in 1964, 28-year-old bar manager kitty genovese was stabbed to death on a street in kew gardens, queens. police say at least 38 people heard her screams
but did nothing to help. - the hypothesis was thateach and every one of them assumed someone else would call the police, so they didn't have to bother to do so themselves. it wasn't their responsibility, so the police were never called. and kitty died. [somber music] kitty's story may not be an example
of conformity, at least not in the waywe normally think, because most of it was totally untrue. 38 people didn'twitness the attack. as it turns out, the actualnumber of witnesses who could have helped and didn't may have been as few as two, and people did call the police. samuel hoffman spent threeor four minutes on hold
before finally reachinga police dispatcher. so where didthe number 38 come from? well, it's theorized that the police commissioner actually lied to a reporter about the number of witnesses who did nothing in order to cover up why it took the police so long to arrive at the scene of the crime. and the narrative of uncaring new yorkers turning a blind eye to a woman's murder
spread around the world, making front page headlines. as more and more sources repeated reports they'd heard, rather than going back to investigate the truth, a psychological phenomenon known as information cascadetook place. an information cascade develops when people havelittle information themselves,
so they depend on inferences they can make based on earlier people's actions. so the conformity wasn't onthe part of the eyewitnesses. it was in the reportingof the story. there's a saying in journalism: "some stories aretoo good to check." [projector whirring] - i'm going to give you this cup that contains lysergic acid--
100 micrograms. - clinical trials: they can be enlightening, frightening, dangerous... - it seems to want to take meover too much, you see, and i don't wantto let myself go. - and also the perfect high-stakes setting to test the power of conformity.
this is emma. she thinks she's taking part in a group study to measure the side effects of a new hallucinogenic drug. - so the drug that you arehelping us research today is nc-47. today we're investigatingpossible side effects. you know, there've been someaudio-visual distortions.
you may see some imagesbehind your eyes-- um, you know, some generalfeelings of either calmness or euphoria. we're trying to examine thosea little further and find out a little bitmore about how this drug is affectingeverybody. - emma is already looking to the rest of the group for comfort. - just take a cup,and just hang onto it.
- [whispering] okay. - if everyone else is participating willingly, it must be okay for her, too. - we're all, like,scared to death. okay. - go. but here's the catch: our subject didn't take a hallucinogenic drug at all. it was simply a shot of flavored water.
just relax and concentrate. we'll give this justa little bit of time to set in. it doesn't take long for our actors to feel the supposed side effects of the so-called drug. - it's like a-- like a line that goes across. - it's almost like i'm lookingthrough a kaleidoscope, but it's, like, fuzzy.
- will our test subject go along with the group? or will she be bold enough to stick out and say the truth? - it's like a--like a lava lampsort of thing. emma? - um, i honestly-- i don't see anything.[laughs] - mm.- i don't see any shadows, shapes...
i'm like, "come on,i want to see a shape." but i don't see anything, no. - emma's honesty is making her an outsider. notice how she says she wants to feel the side effects, which would enable her to fit in with the group. you can all sit down again. okay, i want to dothe audio test. we're just gonnago down the line, and i want you to justsay the word "hello."
here's another opportunity for emma to conform. will she go along with the group when she sees the actors pretend to experience an auditory reaction to the alleged drug? - hello. - louder. - um, hello! - and how did that feel?what's your reaction? - i hear, like, a delay.
like, um... yeah, it could becalled an echo. it's more like a...- mm-hmm. - like a reverb or something. - yup, that's very common. all right, ivory. hello.[laughs] it's almost like, you know,when you watch a video, and it's just like--just the tiniest bit out of sync
so you just barely notice it? - mm-hmm.all right, emma? hello? hello. yeah, it is echoing, like you had a shot-- like you had a shot of vodka. - [laughing]- something like that, like... - yeah, acute audio distortionis really common.
- okay.- here we see a classic example of conformity. but is she just trying to fit in or does she truly believe she's experiencing side effects now? - i'm feeling pretty chill.- ivory? - i feel kind of, like,just relaxed. - i just feel, like,really relaxed. - she's now claiming to feel multiple side effects.
- but yeah, no, it's like i... i had, like, two drinksor something. - right, and in this moment now, how do you feel? - uh, kind of tired.- tired. - right?- yeah. - am i the only one?- no. [laughs] - should go, like, nap onthat bean bag, yeah. - emma continues to look to the group
for reassurance that her symptoms are in line with theirs. - i don't know if i like it. i can't decide. you know what i mean? what do you guys think?i don't know. - whatever she thinks she's feeling, she wants to make sure it fits in with the group. - the room is warmer, no?
- yeah. - would you take this while youwere operating a motor vehicle? - no, i don't think so. - because... - 'cause you need to concentrateon what you're doing. but i just feel so relaxed. - here we see an entirely new level of conformity. our subject is actually experiencing physical manifestations due to group pressure.
other subjects also experienced physical sensations that they reported in great detail. i hear the echo.i can hear the echo. - so you know an echowould go out, then in? this is, like, just an in. - i just feel, like, sensation, like, near my eye and nose area. - i feel like it's definitelygetting brighter, though. - okay, could you say moreabout the increased brightness?
- it's not comfortable to lookat the lights, really. - what we're seeing from these subjects could be a form of informational conformity, or even what's called a contact high, a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a sober person comes into contact with someone who is under the influence of drugs
and begins to manifest the same physical symptoms. i can now debrief you on what has been going on. so none of you took anything but, uh, water today. - what? - and we're just kind of lookingat the way that groups conform together. we wanted to seewhat it would take
to get someone to fall in linewith the group. did you feel actual changes, or were you saying some things just to fit inand not stick out? - no, i felt relaxed,so i don't get-- i can't figure it--i still feel relaxed. - are you surprisedto have heard that you just drank water? i definitely feel different.
- i actually did hear,yeah, an echo. - the desire to conform is so strong, the subjects continue to believe in their manifested symptoms, even after learning the drug was fake. - i am prone toanxiety attacks, though, so i felt relaxed. - well, you should takemore of this nothing. human society isincredibly complex.
and the dueling forces pushing us to conform and also to express our individuality are both necessary. other people can influence us in good ways and in not-so-good ways. but at the end of the day, just remember this: what did the walrussay to the doctor? give up?
cardboard. [laughter] go ahead, laugh. everyone's doing it. you don't want to look likeyou don't get it, do you? good, that's what i thought. thanks for laughing, and as always, thanks for watching.
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