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How To Flashing colors x118
there is a misconception about chameleonsthat they change their color in order to blend in with their environment. that is actuallynot the case. when a chameleon is calm it is green and so it naturally blends in withits leafy surroundings. but male chameleons change color when they become excited in thepresence of a female or a rival male, as shown here. i will put the first frame in the bottomright for comparison. as you can see, as he becomes more excited, his color changes tobe more yellow orange and red. so instead of blending in this chameleon will now standout. but how do chameleons actually change their color? for years we thought that therewas a simple well-established mechanism for this color change. in their skin, chameleonshave different cells containing colored pigments.
some are yellow others are red and some containthe dark melanin pigment. many animals including chameleons are known to turn a darker shadeby causing the melanin to spread out along the fingery extensions of the cell. they turnlighter again by condensing the pigment back into one spot. it was assumed that chameleonsmust turn yellow, orange and red in the same way, by causing those pigments to spread outin those cells. but new research from collaborating groups of physicist and biologists at theuniversity of geneva shows that this is incorrect. now the first clue should come from the factthat there is actually no green pigment in the a chameleon. the green color actuallycreated by two distinct mechanisms, pigment color and structural color. beneath the yellowpigment cells, there are cells containing
tiny 130 nm crystals regularly arranged ina lattice. now light diffracts off these crystals and due to the spacing between them, bluelight constructively interferes and is therefore strongly reflected. whereas the other colorsare not reflected. this is very similar to how a morpho butterfly wing creates an iridescentblue. there is no blue pigment just the periodic nanoscale structure that acts as a strongreflector for only one color. so a chameleon looks green due to the combination of theyellow light from the pigment plus the blue light reflected off the crystal structurebeneath it. so how do chameleons change this green into yellow orange and red? well previouslyit was assumed that the color change was achieved by dispersing pigments in the colored cells.but now scientists have found it's actually
the crystals underneath which are changing.by increasing the spacing between the crystals the chameleons can change which color is selectivelyreflected. bigger gaps between the crystals are better at reflecting longer wavelengths.so as the spacing increases, the color changes from blue to green to yellow, and then orangeand red. scientists compared skin samples from calm green chameleons and excited yellowchameleons and found that indeed, in the excited chameleon the crystal spacing was much furtherapart. here you can see a single cell enlarged and the color it reflects changing from blueto green to yellow, orange and red. plus, a computer simulation of the light reflectedoff crystals while their spacing is decreasing also provides excellent agreement with theseobservations. furthermore, applying physical
pressure to the skin causes the crystals tocompress and so they reflect more blue. when that pressure is removed, the crystals expandagain reflecting more green light. the structure of a chameleon’s skin gets even more fascinating,as there is another layer of cells underneath which also contain crystals. but these crystalsare larger more spaced out and more disorganized. this means they reflect longer wavelengthsin the infrared part of the spectrum and they reflect a broader range of these wavelengths.it’s thought that the function of this layer could be to reflect light from the sun sincethese chameleons live in bright full-sun habitats. so male chameleons don't change their colorby spreading out red and yellow pigments. instead they do something much more remarkable.they actively tune the spacing between nanoscale
crystals in order to create structural colorsthat span the whole length of the visible spectrum. now what i find amazing is thatin this day and age we thought we had the answer to how chameleons change color, butit actually took the combined expertise of physicists and biologists working togetherto figure out what's really going on. this episode of veritasium was supported bylinda.com a leading online learning platform with over 3000 video courses taught by expertsin areas ranging from video production to web development and computer programming.chances are if you can think of a topic, they have a course that teaches it. now as partof this sponsorship they are offering veritasium viewers a 10 day free trial of any and allcourses on the site. just go to lynda.com/veritasium
or click the link in the description. youknow one of the courses i’m really interested in is adobe after effects. that’s a reallygood animating software. right now i still do all of my animations including the onesin this video in final cut pro which is really tedious and time consuming. now if you’reinterested in learning how to program maybe you should try out their java courses. thoseare really good. or if like me you’ve always wanted to do more with photoshop, you shouldtry out one of their photoshop or photography courses. so if you want to learn somethingnew today, you should go to lynda.com/veritasium for 10 days free trial. there’s really nothingto lose me. i really want to thank lynda.com for supporting me, and i want to thank youfor watching.
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